RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: FOCUS ON NANOFORMULATIONS AND CONTROLLED RELEASE

Abstract

Recent advancements in drug delivery systems (DDS) have revolutionized the treatment of various diseases by improving drug bioavailability, targeting, and therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. Among these innovations, nano formulations and controlled release systems stand out for their ability to deliver drugs with precision and sustained release. Nano formulations, which include nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, and dendrimers, offer unique properties such as enhanced stability, biocompatibility, and the ability to target specific cells or tissues. These advances enable the delivery of a wide range of therapeutic agents, including small molecules, proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids. Controlled release mechanisms, including diffusion-controlled, degradation-controlled, and stimuli-responsive systems, further enhance the therapeutic profile of drugs by maintaining optimal drug concentrations over extended periods, reducing the need for frequent dosing. However, challenges remain in scaling up production, addressing safety and toxicity concerns, and meeting regulatory requirements for clinical applications. This review highlights recent developments in nano formulations and controlled release systems, exploring their applications in cancer therapy, chronic diseases, gene delivery, and vaccines. The article also discusses emerging technologies, including personalized drug delivery and nanorobotics, and outlines future directions for further improving the efficacy and safety of DDS in clinical settings.