Innovations in Oral Drug Bioavailability Enhancement Techniques

Abstract

Oral drug administration is the most common and preferred route of drug delivery; however, achieving optimal bioavailability remains a major challenge due to factors like poor solubility, low intestinal permeability, and first-pass metabolism. Enhancing the bioavailability of oral drugs is crucial for improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing doserelated side effects. This review explores recent innovations in techniques aimed at enhancing oral drug bioavailability. Key strategies include physicochemical approaches such as particle size reduction, salt formation, and amorphous solid dispersions to improve solubility. Formulation-based techniques like lipid-based drug delivery systems, cyclodextrin complexation, and nanotechnology-based carriers (e.g., nanoparticles, liposomes) are discussed for improving drug dissolution and absorption. Biological and biopharmaceutical approaches, including enzyme inhibitors, permeability enhancers, prodrug design, and gastroprotective systems, are also examined. Cutting-edge technologies, including 3D printing, AI-driven formulation optimization, and smart polymers, are highlighted for their potential to revolutionize bioavailability enhancement. Regulatory considerations and challenges associated with these innovative techniques are addressed, with a focus on safety, efficacy, and scalability. Future perspectives on personalized medicine and integration of nanotechnology, AI, and biotechnology suggest a promising path for overcoming the limitations of oral drug bioavailability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current advancements and emerging trends in bioavailability enhancement techniques, offering insights into the future of oral drug development.