ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: HEALTH RISKS AND REGULATORY CHALLENGES

Abstract

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are chemicals that interfere with the hormonal systems of humans and wildlife, leading to a range of adverse health effects. Common sources of EDs include industrial chemicals, pesticides, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals, which are released into the environment through various pathways, accumulating in water, soil, and living organisms. This review explores the mechanisms through which EDs impact biological systems, highlighting their effects on reproductive health, metabolic function, and neurological development in humans, as well as ecological consequences in wildlife. Notable EDs such as bisphenol A, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls, and atrazine are examined in detail to illustrate their pervasive nature and associated risks. Regulatory frameworks face significant challenges in managing these substances due to complexities in testing, identification, and the need for standardized assessment methods. Advances in high-throughput screening and biomonitoring offer potential pathways for improved detection and risk assessment. This review underscores the need for stronger regulatory measures, public awareness, and innovative strategies to mitigate exposure. Ultimately, addressing the impact of EDs is essential for safeguarding human health and preserving ecosystem integrity, highlighting a critical need for continued research and international cooperation in managing endocrine disruptors.