The Role of Polyphenols in Cardiovascular Health: From Mechanism to Application

Abstract

Polyphenols, a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds found in foods like fruits, vegetables, tea, and wine, have garnered significant attention for their role in promoting cardiovascular health. This review synthesizes the current understanding of polyphenols' mechanisms and clinical applications in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and management. Key mechanisms include antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, improvement in endothelial function, lipid profile modulation, blood pressure regulation, and anti-thrombotic properties. These pathways collectively contribute to reduced risk factors and improved outcomes in conditions like atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, and stroke. Evidence from epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials further supports the cardio protective effects of polyphenol-rich diets, though challenges such as bioavailability and optimal dosage remain critical areas for research. This review also discusses the potential of polyphenol supplements and functional foods as targeted interventions, especially for high-risk populations. Future directions focus on enhancing bioavailability through advanced delivery systems and the potential of personalized nutrition. Overall, polyphenols hold promising therapeutic value, and their integration into dietary and clinical practices could significantly benefit cardiovascular health.