Understanding Breast Cancer: From Genetic Markers to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Abstract

Breast cancer, a highly prevalent and heterogeneous malignancy, poses significant clinical challenges due to its complex pathophysiology. Advances in genomic research have identified key genetic mutations and alterations in signaling pathways, facilitating the development of targeted therapies and personalized treatment approaches. These advancements have improved patient outcomes by tailoring interventions to individual genetic profiles. Progress in screening and diagnostics, including digital mammography, MRI, and BRCA1/BRCA2 genetic testing, has enhanced early detection and accuracy in diagnosis. Emerging therapeutic strategies, particularly targeted therapies and immunotherapy, have revolutionized breast cancer management. Targeted treatments, such as hormone receptor and HER2-directed therapies, have demonstrated superior efficacy with fewer adverse effects compared to conventional chemotherapy. Immunotherapy, leveraging the body's immune system, is showing promise in improving treatment responses. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, including drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, and the limited treatment options for triple-negative breast cancer. Future research should focus on refining early detection techniques, overcoming therapeutic resistance, and developing innovative treatment strategies to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying breast cancer, recent advances in diagnostics and treatment, and ongoing challenges in the field.