Nigella sativa in inflammatory disease management: A molecular biology perspective

Abstract

Nigella sativa, commonly known as black seed, has been recognized for its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, making it a promising therapeutic agent for managing chronic inflammatory diseases. This review explores the pharmacological potential of N. sativa, focusing on its molecular mechanisms, particularly the modulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK pathways, which are central to inflammation regulation. The bioactive compounds, especially thymoquinone, alkaloids, and flavonoids, contribute to its therapeutic effects by reducing oxidative stress and regulating cytokine production. Clinical and preclinical studies highlight the efficacy of N. sativa in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, challenges related to bioavailability, standardization, and formulation need to be addressed to optimize its clinical application. This review underscores the need for further research to fully understand the molecular mechanisms of N. sativa and to enhance its integration into conventional treatment regimens for chronic inflammation.