Comprehensive Analysis of Cannabis Abuse and Its Effects on Cognition

Abstract

This review article examines the diverse effects of cannabis abuse on cognitive functions, including attention, perception, memory, motor skills, executive functioning, and language abilities. The primary psychoactive compound responsible for these changes is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which has an immediate impact after smoking. The timing of initial cannabis use is a significant factor, with early exposure, particularly during adolescence, being associated with greater cognitive deficits. Research on adolescent rats indicates that THC exposure can impair memory, while chronic use in adults has been linked to depressive behaviors. Human studies suggest that cannabis use, especially among young adults, can result in temporary impairments in attention, executive functions, and learning. Cannabis intoxication disrupts attention and introduces cognitive biases, with lingering effects on learning and memory. However, evidence suggests that cognitive function may improve with abstinence. In addition, cannabis consumption influences decision-making, often leading to altered risk-taking behaviors. Contextual and emotional factors, such as peer influence, stress, and emotional processing, also play a crucial role in shaping cognitive outcomes.